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Many other Scientologist-run organizations and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies making use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who want to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can assist by including to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or reputable individuals. Scientology Perth. Though it has actually achieved some reliability as a religion in lots of nations, Scientology has also been described as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has actually been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game people it views as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of fraud, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of visibility" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. see this New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in More Bonuses 52 countries by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in a web poll run by the governmental shift team obtaining public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head office located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later on renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and devoted among the largest More about the author penetration of United States federal companies ever committed by an organization not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime committed by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No person or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive techniques in addressing those it views as attempting to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first described by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.